Different classification of computers?

Classification of Computers

Computer systems can be classified based on several criteria:

1. On the Basis of Size
2. On the Basis of Functionality
3. On the Basis of Data Handling

Classification on the Basis of Size

• Supercomputers:
  Supercomputers are the highest-performing computer systems. They are designed for intensive computation tasks across various fields, such as quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling, and physical simulations. Their performance is measured in FLOPS (floating-point operations per second) rather than MIPS (million instructions per second). Most of the world's fastest supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Examples include PARAM, Jaguar, and Roadrunner.

• Mainframe Computers:
  Often referred to as "big iron," mainframe computers are used by large organizations for bulk data processing tasks such as statistics, census data processing, and transaction processing. They have a higher processing capability than other classes of computers. The mainframe architectures, which were established in the 1960s, have evolved significantly in size, capacity, and efficiency. Examples include IBM z Series, System z9, and System z10 servers.

• Minicomputers:
  Emerging in the mid-1960s, minicomputers were sold at a lower price than mainframes and were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching. As technology progressed, they became popular for personal use. They were smaller and more affordable than mainframes, typically fitting into one or a few-inch rack cabinets. Examples include personal laptops and PCs.

• Microcomputers:
  A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer that uses a microprocessor as its CPU. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O circuitry on a single printed circuit board. Microcomputers laid the foundation for modern devices, such as tablets and smartwatches, and were much smaller and more cost-effective than their predecessors.

Classification on the Basis of Functionality

• Servers:
  Servers are dedicated computers set up to provide specific services to clients. They are categorized based on the type of service they offer, such as security servers or database servers.

• Workstations:
  Workstations are computers designed for single-user operation at a time. They run multi-user operating systems and are commonly used for personal and commercial tasks.

• Information Appliances:
  These portable devices are designed for limited tasks, such as basic calculations, multimedia playback, and internet browsing. Often referred to as mobile devices, they have limited memory and flexibility, typically running on an "as-is" basis.

• Embedded Computers:
  Embedded computers are computing devices used within other machines to serve specific requirements. They follow instructions from non-volatile memory and do not require rebooting or resetting. The processing units in embedded computers are optimized for basic functions, differing from those in personal computers.

Classification on the Basis of Data Handling

• Analog Computers:
  Analog computers use continuously changeable physical quantities (such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic variables) to model problems. For example, an analog clock measures time through the distance traveled by its hands around the dial.

• Digital Computers:
  Digital computers perform calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system (0s and 1s). They solve problems by processing information in discrete forms, allowing for mathematical calculations, data organization and analysis, and simulation of dynamic systems (e.g., global weather patterns).

• Hybrid Computers:
  Hybrid computers can process both analog and digital data. They accept analog signals, convert them to digital format, and then process them digitally.